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悼亡诗的外国

悼亡诗(elegy or monody or mournful poem)也被译成挽歌,哀歌,是哀悼个人之死,群体之死,乃至整个人类之死的诗作。

如弥尔顿的《黎西达斯》(Lyidas, 1637)是诗人对同学、密友爱德华·金(Edward King)的哀悼之作。金和弥尔顿就读于剑桥大学基督学院,两人都是诗人、学者和有事业心的好青年,是校方精心培养的牧师人才。金在1633年获得硕士学位后,继续在原校深造,准备做牧师,不幸的是,金于1637年夏天利用暑假去爱尔兰访友,在威尔斯港外船破人溺。弥尔顿非常伤心,写下了这首哀歌,其前面部分如下:

Yet once more, O ye laurels, and once more,

Ye myrtles brown, with ivy never sere,

I come to pluck your berries harsh and crude,

And with forced fingers rude

Shatter your leaves before the mellowing year.

Bitter constraint, and sad occasion dear,

Compels me to disturb your season due;

For Lycidas is dead, dead ere his prime,

Young Lycidas, and hath not left his peer.

翻译:我再一次来,月桂树啊,/ 棕色的番石榴和常青藤的绿叶啊,/ 在成熟之前,来强摘你们的果子,/ 我不得已伸出我这粗鲁的手指,/ 来震落你们这些嫩黄的叶子。/ 因为亲友的惨遇,痛苦的重压,/ 迫使我前来扰乱你正茂的年华;/ 黎西达斯死了,死于峥嵘岁月,/ 年轻的黎西达斯,从未离开过本家。(朱维之译)

通过对亡友的哀悼,弥尔顿似乎成熟了许多,在结尾处暗示出要告别以前的诗歌创作风格,准备走向革命战斗的诗歌新草地:And now the sun had stretched out all the hills,

And now was dropped into the western bay.

At last he rose, and twitched his mantle blue:

Tomorrow to fresh woods, and pastures new.

翻译:夕阳西下,把群山的影子拉长,/ 射进西边深山中的凹地。/ 他终于站起来,抖抖蓝色的斗篷,/ 明天将奔向清鲜的树林和新的草地。(朱维之译)

又如莎士比亚《无事生非》中的一段歌,这是阿拉冈亲王唐佩德娄的仆人巴尔萨泽的一段唱词。歌的特点是反复重复一些词句:Sigh no more, ladies, sigh no more,

Men were deceivers ever;

One foot in sea, and one on shore,

To one thing constant never.

Then sigh not so,

But let them go,

And be you blithe and bonny,

Converting all your sounds of woe

Into Hey nonny, nonny.

Sing no more ditties, sing no mo

Of dumps so dull and heavy;

The fraud of men was ever so,

Since summer first was leavy.

Then sigh not so,

But let them go,

And be you blithe and bonny,

Converting all your sounds of woe

Into hey nonny, nonny.

(William Shakespeare:Much Ado About Nothing, Act II, Scene III)

翻译:别再叹气,小姐们,别再叹气,/ 男人总是要欺骗;/ 一脚在海里,一脚在陆地,/ 永远不会专一不变。/ 那么就别长吁短叹,/ 让他们去胡搅乱干,/ 你自己要欢天喜地,/ 把你的哀声一变 / 而为“海侬呢,海侬呢。”//别再唱歌,别再唱 / 这样沉闷悲苦的歌;/ 男人的欺诈总是这样,/ 夏天叶子总是长得多。/ 那么就别长吁短叹,/ 让他们去胡搅乱干,/ 你自己要欢天喜地,/ 把你的哀声一变 / 而为“海侬呢,海侬呢。”(梁实秋译)